In Warnemünde at the then IHS in 1988 in the GDR, environmental problems, including global warming, were discussed, but not only here but of course also worldwide. (Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth) The oil companies then successfully watered down these research results at the time through countless studies/publications for the sake of sales. approx.

1985: Mercedes presents its first fuel cell car: design name W 123 E 28, model 123.033, production period: 07.1975 / 12.1975 - 12.1985.

In 1995 there was a huge development towards hydrogen in MV (Research Report 195, Storage and Sea Transport of Large Quantities of Liquid Hydrogen "Euro-Quebec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project").

With a view to the entire efficiency chain of the use of hydrogen (H2), the main focus of my research (within the scope of the possibilities at Wismar University) is on the continuation of this history. With the professional background of a power electronics engineer, the following topics were/are “sailed”:

• Use of frequency converters (FU) to save energy on ships
• Modeling/simulation/experiments on components of the energy system for energy-optimal on-board operation
• Storage dimensioning for fuel cell concepts Energy concepts for ships based on hydrogen as an energy source with the consequences for shipping
• Green hydrogen supply concepts for shipping, hydrogen bi-injection into existing diesel engines to improve the "energy efficiency existing ship index" (EEXI)
  • Technically: how does it get into the machine as a retrofit system? Control electronics, injection valve
  • nautical/logistical: which ships/waters/routes/ports are particularly suitable for hydrogen application?

Axel Rafoth,  Hochschule Wismar